Key Considerations for Sourcing Industrial-Grade Semiconductors

Semiconductors form the backbone of nearly all modern electronic operations. Found in consumer electronics, motor control systems, and various forms of automated equipment, these components enable efficient communication and control across a wide range of industries. In industrial settings in particular, semiconductors are expected to meet demanding criteria—such as higher power ratings, extreme temperature tolerances, enhanced reliability, and extended operational lifespans.

Given these elevated requirements, understanding the various types of semiconductors that can be employed in industrial applications is essential for proper selection. In this blog, we will explore some of the most widely used industrial-grade semiconductor variants, explaining how they function, the systems where they are best applied, and factors to consider when sourcing them for industrial environments.

Semiconductor Types Used in Industrial Settings

Power Transistors

Power transistors are primarily chosen for switching and amplification tasks where high current and voltage handling is needed. In general, their design consists of three layers of semiconductor material that form two internal junctions, allowing the device to control the flow of electrical current. These layers are connected to three terminals: the emitter, which sends out charge; the base or gate, which controls how much current flows; and the collector or drain, which receives the output current. The specific names and functions of these terminals vary slightly depending on the type of transistor being used, with variants including:

• Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs): These current-controlled devices are known for their strong amplification properties, useful in analog circuits where precise control of current is necessary. However, BJTs typically generate more heat and have slower switching speeds compared to modern alternatives, making them less ideal for high-frequency switching.
• Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs): These power transistors contain an insulated gate that allows for control of current with minimal power loss. Due to their high switching speed and high efficiency at lower voltages, MOSFETs are often favored in switching power supplies and low-voltage motor controllers.
• Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs): These combine the high input impedance of a MOSFET with the high current capability of a BJT, making them well-suited for medium- to high-voltage applications such as motor drives, power inverters, and induction heating systems. Although they tend to have slower switching speeds than MOSFETs, their ability to handle higher voltages and currents makes them indispensable in power electronics.

While power transistors provide high performance, system designers must carefully manage thermal dissipation and ensure proper heat sinking is used. Additionally, EMI (electromagnetic interference) considerations should be accounted for when integrating these components into industrial systems.

Diodes

Diodes allow current to flow in only one direction, an essential function in signal control, voltage regulation, and circuit protection. A typical diode consists of a P-N junction, where one side is doped with positive (P-type) material and the other with negative (N-type) material. When they are forward-biased, current flows easily, and when reverse-biased, current is blocked. In industrial applications, several subtypes of diodes are common, such as:

• Rectifier Diodes: These are the most popular type for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) in power supply circuits. Industrial-grade rectifier diodes are built to handle high current loads and often found in motor drives, battery chargers, and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS).
• Schottky Diodes: These are known for their low forward voltage drop and fast switching speeds, benefiting high-frequency applications like switching regulators and radio-frequency (RF) systems. Their design uses a metal-semiconductor junction instead of a standard P-N junction, which enhances switching performance but limits reverse voltage tolerance. As a result, they serve low- to medium-voltage applications where speed is prioritized over voltage endurance.
• Silicon Carbide (SiC) Diodes: SiC variants are constructed using wide-bandgap semiconductor material, allowing them to operate at higher voltages, frequencies, and temperatures than silicon-based diodes. Additionally, they offer improved thermal performance and efficiency. Such features make SiC diodes useful in demanding industrial environments, including electric propulsion systems, power inverters, and high-voltage switching circuits.

Thyristors

Thyristors are solid-state semiconductor devices designed for high-voltage, high-current control. They feature a four-layer PNPN structure forming three junctions with three terminals, which are an anode, cathode, and gate. Once triggered by a gate signal, thyristors remain in the conducting state until the current falls below a certain threshold. Some notable types include:

• Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs): SCRs act as bistable switches, remaining on once triggered and only turning off when the current falls below a specific holding level. They are widely found in AC power controls, motor soft starts, welding systems, and heating or lighting controls due to their ability to handle large power loads. However, they have relatively slow switching speeds and limited turn-off control, making them less suitable for high-frequency applications.
• Triacs: Triacs facilitate bidirectional switching in AC circuits, leading to their use in light dimming, motor speed control, and low- to medium-power AC applications. While versatile, they are more sensitive to electrical noise and typically less reliable in high-power environments.
• Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Thyristors: GTO thyristors enable the gate terminal to both trigger and shut off the device. This feature optimally serves high-voltage, high-current applications such as traction systems and industrial motor drives. However, they require complex gate drive circuits and effective thermal management solutions.

Additional Sourcing Considerations for Industrial-Grade Semiconductors

Along with selecting the right type, several considerations should be kept in mind to ensure the successful implementation and long lifespan of semiconductors in industrial applications, including:

• Temperature and Environment Tolerance: Industrial-grade semiconductors must be rated to operate across wide temperature ranges. In addition to thermal resilience, components may need to withstand humidity, dust, chemical exposure, and mechanical vibrations. For outdoor or rugged automation setups specifically, environmental sealing or conformal coating of sensitive circuitry may also be necessary to further prevent corrosion and performance degradation.
• Supplier Reputation and Quality Control: Sourcing from verified suppliers who provide proper documentation helps mitigate risks associated with counterfeit or substandard parts. Components should also be subjected to incoming inspection, electrical testing, and quality assurance screening. Furthermore, it is ideal to secure items from manufacturers that offer long lifecycle support, especially for equipment expected to remain in service for years to come.
• Customization and Integration Compatibility: When integrating semiconductors into a larger industrial control or embedded system, ensure compatibility with existing hardware, firmware, and voltage/current requirements.

Partner with a Trusted Distributor for Semiconductors

Once you have an idea of the types of semiconductors that are the best choice for your needs, the next step is securing a dependable source for these components. ASAP Semiconductor is one such procurement partner, providing various industrial-grade semiconductors and related components through its purchasing platform ASAP Parts 360. This website offers access to a wide range of products sourced exclusively from reputable manufacturers and approved suppliers, helping customers maintain compliance and reliability in their operations.

With a streamlined database and responsive customer service, ASAP Parts 360 simplifies the often complex task of locating and securing industrial semiconductors for demanding applications. Moreover, we accommodate even the most unique customer needs wherever possible, as well as regularly present competitive pricing and fast lead times. If you are ready to see how we can assist you, get in contact with us today.